Types of Denim Fabric Used in Garments Manufacturing

 Denim Fabric: 

Denim is a twill weave woven and 100% cotton fabric which is consists of different colors of warp and weft yarn. In denim fabric, one color is predominant on the fabric surface. Denim is a common raw material for garments manufacturing. Usually denim fabric is produced by using cotton though sometimes hemp denim is also available. Denim fabrics are normally used for making jeans, work clothes as well as casings for organic futons and pillows. 

Denim Fabric Manufacturing Method: 

Denim fabric is a rugged cotton twill textile, where the weft passes under two or more warp fibers, producing the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric. 

Properties of Denim Fabric: 

Denim fabric follows some properties; those are mentioned in the following: 

1. Denim fabric creases easily. 

2. It is very strong and durable. 

3. It is feeling hard during wearing. 

4. It is used for long time wearing. 

5. It resists tears and snags. 

Types of Denim Fabric: 

There are mainly eight types of denim fabric, those areas- 

1. Colored denim, 

2. Bubble gum denim, 

3. Denim from fox fiber, 

4. Crushed denim, 

5. Vintage denim, 

6. Ecru denim, 

7. Marble denim, 

8. Reverse denim. 

All the above denim fabric types are discussed in the below: 

1. Colored denim: 

Colored denim fabrics are woven, manufacturing with dyed yarn either warp or weft. This kind of fabric can be obtained by piece dyeing process. 

2. Bubble gum denim: 

Bubble gum denim fabric is lycra containing denim, that has between 35 to 50% lycra or stretch. 

3. Denim from fox fiber: 

This kind of denim fabric is manufactured by colored cotton fiber that grows naturally developed and patented by California cotton breeder sally fox. 

4. Crushed denim: 

In Crushed denim fabrics, textured effect achieved through a special fabric construction coupled with wet processing, where the effect can also be improved by using stone and bleach. This kind of denim fabric is woven with an over twist weft yarn. 

5. Vintage denim: 

For achieving old and worn outlook, a denim treatment that applies heavy stone wash or a cellulose enzyme wash with bleach or without bleach is called vintage denim. 

6. Ecru denim: 

Ecru denim fabric is that, which is not having any dyed yarn, contains only grey yarn in warp and weft. 

7. Marble denim: 

Marble denim has another name is acid wash. If the fabric is strongly bleached then it is called marble denim. 

8. Reverse denim: 

Reverse denim fabric is that, where the face side and reverse side look alike.

Woven Patch label

What are Custom Woven Patches?

In the world of fashion branding, custom woven patches have emerged as a versatile & timeless option. Woven patches are fabric patches done by stitching a design with threads into a piece of fabric to form detailed designs, logos, or text. Unlike traditional embroidered patches, woven patches use thinner threads that allow for more intricate detailing, vibrant colors & a smoother finish. Custom woven patches are used for branding, uniforms, hats, and fashion apparel due to their lightweight flexibility, durability, and ability to showcase intricate designs. Monterey Company is a leader in crafting high-quality custom woven patches, utilizing advanced weaving techniques and premium materials to ensure precision and durability. Here I will discuss why woven patches are the ideal choice for your garment needs.

Custom Woven Patches

Benefits of Custom Woven Patches:

Custom woven patches offer numerous benefits that make them an ideal for branding, uniforms, and fashion. Key benefits of woven patches are briefly described below.

1. Capture Fine Details with Precision

Woven patches are renowned for their ability to replicate intricate designs with exceptional clarity. Using advanced weaving techniques and high-quality threads, they ensure that every detail of your logo, text, or artwork is perfectly captured. This makes woven patches ideal for brands that want to showcase their identity with precision, even in small or complex designs.

2. Lightweight & Flexible

Unlike other types of patches, woven patches are lightweight and flexible, making them comfortable to wear on any garment. Whether it’s a hat, jacket, or bag, these patches seamlessly integrate into the fabric without adding bulk or stiffness. This ensures that the garment retains its comfort while still benefiting from enhanced branding or design.

3. Durable and Long-Lasting

Woven patches are designed to withstand wear and tear, making them perfect for uniforms, workwear, and everyday apparel. Custom woven patches remain vibrant and intact, even after repeated use and washing. Their durability ensures long-lasting brand visibility, making them a great investment for businesses and fashion brands alike.

4. Versatile Application

Woven patches are ideal for a variety of uses, including hats, jackets, uniforms, backpacks, and promotional items, making them a practical and stylish branding solution.

5. Professional & Polished Look

These patches provide a sleek, high-end appearance that enhances the overall presentation of branded apparel, uniforms, and fashion accessories.

6. Customizable Backings & Edges

Choose from iron-on, Velcro, adhesive, or sew-on backing options to suit different application needs. Additionally, merrowed or laser-cut edges offer a refined and finished look to complement any design.

Why Custom Woven Patches are Ideal for Branding, Uniforms, and Fashion

Custom woven patches have a wide range of applications that make them valuable in both fashion and corporate settings. They are an excellent choice for branding, uniforms, and fashion due to the following reasons:

1. Branding

Custom woven patches are a powerful branding tool. They allow businesses to showcase their logos, slogans, or designs in a professional and polished manner. Whether you’re a small business or a global brand, woven patches help you stand out and leave a lasting impression. Their intricate detail and clean appearance ensure that your brand is represented in the best light.

2. Uniforms

For teams, organizations, and businesses, woven patches are an excellent way to create cohesive and professional uniforms. They add a sense of unity and pride, while their durability ensures they look great even after daily use. Woven patches maintain their appearance over time, making them ideal for high-wear environments like sports teams, corporate staff, or any group that requires a uniform.

3. Fashion and Style

In the fashion industry, woven patches are a popular choice for adding unique, customizable elements to clothing and accessories. From trendy hats to statement jackets, these patches allow designers to express creativity and individuality. Fashion-forward brands use woven patches to create standout pieces that reflect current trends or make bold style statements.

4. Corporate Identity

Companies use custom woven patches to create a sense of unity and pride among employees, partners, and customers. These patches can feature company logos, slogans, or event themes, reinforcing the brand’s identity and building a cohesive team culture.

5. Event Commemoration

Custom patches are a fantastic way to commemorate special occasions such as conferences, festivals, or anniversaries. They serve as lasting mementos and collectibles that remind participants of memorable events, strengthening brand recall and fostering nostalgia.

6. Community Groups and Clubs

Patches are a traditional way for community groups, clubs, and organizations to signify membership and shared interests. They foster a sense of belonging and camaraderie, and can also serve as a mark of achievement or rank within the group.

Conclusion

Custom woven patches are a powerful and versatile branding tool for garments. Their durability, intricate design capability, and professional appearance make them ideal for any brand looking to create a lasting impression. They are more than just embellishments—they are a powerful way to enhance your brand, unify your team, or elevate your fashion designs.

Interview Question for Garment Quality Inspection/ Quality Assurance/ Buying Quality Inspector

An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee.

 

Interview Question and Answer for Apparel Quality Inspector & Quality Assurance:

The below interview question and answers are very important to get garments QI/ QA/ buying QA  job.

 

1. What is the grainline? 

Answer: Pattern pieces normally carry a line is called a grain line. When pattern pieces are laid down during marker making over the cloth, the grainline should be parallel to the warp if the fabric is woven and wales in the case of knitted fabric. Only the exception is seen for bias cut.

 

2. What is the handle? 

Answer: It is a characteristic of fabrics that are perceived by touching, squeezing, or rubbing them.

 

3. What is hip? 

Answer: It is a specified level down from the waist seam and garment closed measure straight across the garment, from one edge to the other.

 

4. What is the waist? 

Answer: Regular waistband or elastic relaxed, garment closed and with front and back waistband edges even at the top, measure across the middle of waistband or along with elastic relaxed from one edge to other.

 

5. What is sleeve length? 

Answer: It is the measurement from the center back neck seam or edges straight across to shoulder or armhole point, along sleeves fold line down to the bottom edge of the sleeve opening.

 

6. What is the sleeve inseam? 

Answer: The measurement from under armhole seam to the bottom edge of sleeve opening (cuff included) with vent closed (if applicable).

 

7. What is pleat? 

Answer: It is used to increase the fullness of the garments. It is generally made by folding the fabric. Dart and pleat are used in the back part of the Men’s shirt usually.

 

8. What is the inseam length? 

Answer: Along the inside seam of the leg, the measurement from the crotch seam down to the bottom edge of the leg opening. Rib or elastic bands included in this measurement.

 

9. What is drape? 

Answer: It is a character of fabric that indicates flexibility and suppleness of fabric.

 

10. What is the durable press (DP)? 

Answer: The name was given to a special finish that provides the garments with shape retention, durable pleats and pressed creases, durably smooth seams, and wrinkle resistance during use and after laundering or dry cleaning. The durable press also can be added to the stretch fabrics to produce garments that stretch yet hold their shape and their creases.

 

11. What is the double-faced fabric? 

Answer: Cloth with both ends similar is termed as double-faced fabric.

 

12. What is a basic block? 

Answer: Assimilating of diagram of net dimension on papers each and individual part without any allowance which is called a pattern and it is called also basic block.

 

13. What is crease? 

Answer: The crease is any kind of folding in clothes.

 

14. What is color bleeding? 

Answer: It is the pigment or dye or color of a cloth that is partially gone into the water if such colored cloth is soaked in water or solvent. Pigment dye comes out from one place to another and is a stuck place nearby suck characteristics are called color bleeding.

 

15. What is crocking? 

Answer: Crocking is the act of taking out color from the dry and wet cloth by rubbing or scouring.

 

16. What is back length or HPS? 

Answer: HPS stands for the high point of the shoulder. Normally it is known as the back length which is measured from the high point of the shoulder down to the bottom edge of the garment.

 

17. What is the back rise? 

Answer: It is the measure from crotch intersection point, along center back seam following curve up to waistband top edge.

 

18. What is CBN? 

Answer: CBN stands for center back neck. It is the measure from the center back neck seam or edges down to the bottom edge of a garment.

 

19. What is blind stitch? 

Answer: It is a special type of stitch that cannot see from the face side of the fabric but can easily see from the backside.

 

20. What is a backstitch? 

Answer: It is one kind of hand stitch for sewing the apparel, which could also do by using a sewing machine.

 

21. What is CF Line? 

Answer: The straight line bottom to up vertically along the middle point of the body in front of a shirt or jacket.

 

22. What is bar tack? 

Answer: Re-stitching over a very short length to give and increase the area of high load-bearing strength (Example: belt loops and pocket corners are bar-tacked).

 

23. What is back tacking? 

Answer: Approximately 1cm or small stitch backward at the beginning and finishing of sewing, which is used securing of the sewn end so that the thread could not be loosed easily.

 

24. What is allowance? 

Answer: When the garment is made by adding extra dimension with the net dimension of the garment is called allowance.

 

25. What is a back rise?

 Answer: The distance from the crotch back waistline is called back rise.

 

26. What is across back? 

Answer: It is the measure of straight across the back of garment at the midpoint of armhole seam or edge from one side to other.

Garments Pre-Production Activity Check List

 Pre-production process is planning that is done prior to the bulk garment production. That includes samples development and approvals, sourcing and testing raw materials, garment costing, pattern making and process planning. Efficient production can't be reached without the pre-production processes.

Pre-production check list:

Garments Testing Machine

 

Munsell 100 Hue Test

Decoding Washing Labels: What Laundry Symbols on Clothes Really Mean?

 This group of UK washing symbols helps you decide if your clothing is safe to wash in your washing machine, and which setting, and what temperature you should use.

It is generally depicted as a bucket filled with water (except for the ‘Do not wring’ symbol). If the garment is machine washable, then you’ll either see dots or numbers inside the bucket symbol, representing the recommended maximum temperature: one dot means 30 °C (meaning that you have to wash your clothing in cold water), two dots 40 °C (warm water), and four dots 60 °C. In case you see one line drawn underneath the bucket, it means that your piece of clothing should be washed on a synthetic cycle, while two lines represent the gentle or wool wash cycle. If you find the hand wash symbol on your garment’s fabric care label, wash the item by hand at 40 °C or lower, or use your washing machine’s hand wash program.

Bleaching symbols on washing labels

Before you turn to your bottle of bleach to make your whites shine like they used to, it’s worth taking a look at your garment’s fabric care label to see if the clothing can handle bleaching agents.

Drying guidelines on clothing labels

In addition to washing and ironing, the laundry process also includes drying. To prevent your garment from shrinking or becoming misshapen when drying, you can find a number of helpful symbols on the fabric care label, informing you of the most surefire way to dry your clothes without causing any damage to the fabric.

A square with a circle inside means that the item can be safely tumble dried, while the number of dots inside the tumble dry symbol indicates what temperature setting to use: one dot stands for low heat, two dots for medium, and three for high heat setting. No dot means that you can tumble dry your clothes on any heat. If you see a bar below the dryer symbol, then use the ‘Permanent Press’ setting, while two bars mean that you have to use the ‘Delicate’ setting. If the symbol is crossed over, do not tumble dry your garment, but let it dry naturally instead. A square with three vertical lines inside represents drip drying, a single horizontal line in the middle indicates flat drying, and a drooping line means hang to dry.

Ironing symbols on fabric labels

Ironing symbols depict an iron with dots inside representing the maximum temperature that you should use to iron the garment.

Dry cleaning symbols on fabric labels

Some garments are better off being handled by a professional: that’s when dry cleaning comes into the picture. The below symbols are intended to help you decide if your piece of clothing should be dry cleaned, and to tell the dry-cleaner what solvent to use.

Additional dry cleaning instructions

When dealing with your most delicate pieces of clothing, your dry-cleaner appreciates every help they get.
That’s why fabric manufacturers include many dry cleaning symbols on clothing labels, represented by the combination of a circle and a straight line.

Laundry Label Guide: Understand Washing Symbols on Clothing Tags
What Do Washing Symbols Mean? A Complete Guide to Clothing Care Labels
How to Read Washing Labels: Laundry Symbols Explained for Better Garment Care
Clothing Care Symbols Explained: Your Guide to Washing Label Icons

Garment specifications: sampling

Performance testing

All products developed must pass performance testing requirements. It is usually the responsibility of the supplier to ensure that all products meet, or exceed, the standards required by the retailer. Before finalizing or signing an agreement, it is important that suppliers understand and agree the quality-standard requirements of the retailer. It is normal practice to have both fabric and garments tested before the product is delivered; typically, the testing is done at a third-party testing facility such as Intertek or ITS. At times, the buyers and design team will designate the testing lab. Sometimes the retailer (or buyer) will submit the garments for testing; however, often the buyer will require that the supplier submits the fabric and garments directly to the testing laboratory and then provide them with copies of the test results. Final bulk testing is completed before bulk production of garments commences. Accurate records must be kept by the manufacturer and the retailer in case of any faults or customer complaints. Many retailers also undertake surprise testing on garments after they arrive into the stores. This technique is used to discourage suppliers from submitting garments in bulk that do not match up to the quality approved for 

final production.

‘Successful fashion design in commercial terms is based upon providing what customers want frequently before they realize it. In fashion retailing successful design equals sales. If a garment design sells well, the basic shape will be “milked” and reworked in a variety of fabrics and colors and prints.’

Specialist fabrics 

Some garments will require additional testing, such as items that claim to be flame retardant, water resistant, anti-bacterial and so on. So-called ‘smart’ fabrics are used for sport and other performance activities, which need to be fit for purpose; Teflon-coated, breathable and water-repellent fabrics require rigorous testing before use. Even simple products, such as a T-shirt jersey, for example, require certain dye stuffs to withstand washing and to limit the shrinkage of fabric. Children’s apparel requires additional product safety testing.

GARMENT SAMPLING 

By the time it reaches the mass production stage, each garment style will have been technically engineered in order to be as cost-effective and aesthetically pleasing as possible, reflecting the original model and ideas of the designer.

 

Definition of Fabric Defects

Slack End - The result of a loose or broken end puckering as it is gradually woven into a fabric.

Crease Line - A mark left in a fabric a crease has been removed. It may be caused by mechanical damage to the fibers at the fold, by variation in treatment due to the construction along the fold or by disturbance of the fabric structure.

Coarse Pick - A pick of filling whose diameter is noticeably greater than that normal to the fabric.

Knot - A place where two ends of yarn have been tied together.

Color Fly - Fibers of a different color appearing in a yarn or fabric as contamination.

End Out - A line, running warp-way through part or all of piece, caused by the absence of a warp thread.

Hang Thread - A thread left hanging on the face of a fabric. The most common cause is the failure of a weaver to clip the excess yarn after repairing a broken end and/or the cloth inspector’s failure to remove the excess yarn.

Double Pick - Two picks in a single shed where only one is called for by the design of the fabric.

Burl Mark - A distortion resulting from some Superfluous material such as a thick slub, waste or wild yarn being removed with a burling tool.

Broken End - Where a warp yarn has ruptured and been repaired often characterized by the broken and being woven into the fabric.

Miss pick - Where the weave design is broken by the absence of a pick of filling.

Coarse End - An end whose diameter is noticeably greater than that normal to the fabric.

Jerk In - An extra piece of filling yarn jerked by the shuttle into the fabric along with a regular pick of filling. On conventional looms, they generally are confined to the battery side, the most common cause being the failure of the thread-holding mechanism to hold the filling from the out-going bobbin long enough for the temple thread cutter to cut the yarn after a filling.

Thick Place - A place across the width containing more picks or heavier filling than that normal to the fabric.

Thin Place - A place across the width containing less picks or lighter filling than that normal to the fabric.

How to Measure Garments Button Ligne/ Button Length ?

What is Button Ligne?

A button's ligne, refers to a button's size. The word ligne, is a French word that became the standard reference used by German button manufacturers in the early eighteenth century. Ligne is expressed as “L” which is the internationally recognized standard. Consensus at the time was that a "ligne" measured the inside diameter of a "round wick folded flat." One inch is equal to 40 English ligne, 11 French ligne, and 25.5 mm.

Measuring a button - When measuring buttons, we generally are referring to the diameter of the button.   A one inch diameter is called a 40-ligne, which can also be written as 40 Line or simply 40L.

Button Size Measurement Method in Garments Sector:

To measure the button size, we have to use ligne.

We Know,

1 inch = 25.4 mm = 40L

So, 1L = 0.635 mm

Button Ligne (L) = Button Diameter (mm)/0.635

Example-01:

If the button diameter is 14.20 mm then what will be the size of button?

Solution:

Here,

Button diameter = 14.20 mm,

So,

ButtonLigne(L) = Button Diameter (mm)/0.635

= 14.20 / 0.635

= 22 L

Different Ligne Button Used In Different Garments :

Typically shirt buttons range from 13 ligne on the Collar (if button down), 15 on the Sleeve, and 16 thru 20 ligne are generally used on the placket.  Pant buttons generally have a 22 or 24 ligne on the front closure, and either a 24, 27 or 28 ligne .On the back pockets.  Men’s Tailored Suits generally have a 24-ligne button on the sleeve and pant closure, and a 32 ligne on the Jacket closure, some double breasted suits use a 34 or 36 Ligne.

Button Quantities

Buttons are for the most part priced and sold by the gross or GG. One gross equals 144 individual buttons & also 1 GG equals 1728 individual buttons.  Although some high fashion buttons are priced by the piece or by the dozen, the standard unit we use at is gross.

Button Holes

This is in reference to the number of holes in the button. Buttons can be made with 2 holes, 3- holes, 4-holes and even 5-holes.  Menswear items typically are 4-hole, and Women’s clothing typically has 2-holes.  The button holes are frequently recessed from the edge, forming a “center well”.